Johnny Harris Documentary on India-China Relations sources and information

Edit with the Docs app Make tweaks, leave comments, and share with others to edit at the same time. NO THANKSUSE THE APP SOURCES INDIA CHINA My Sources for "The India-China Rivalry, Explained” 0:56 Troops in the High Mountains "Meanwhile, the Indian military has undertaken its own military buildup along the border. In 2021, for example, New Delhi redirected approximately 50,00 troops to the LAC" https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/05/why-we-should-all-worry-about-china-india-border-dispute#:~:text=Meanwhile%2C%20the%20Indian%20military%20has,of%20resolving%20these%20perennial%20disputes. — Note on CCP + Tibet borders shown at the CCP declaration: While the PRC claimed all of China in October 1949, its control was uneven and still unfolding. We highlight Tibet separately because it functioned with de facto independence for decades prior to its annexation in the early 1950s. Here is an example of what CCP/ROC control within China was like at the time of the declaration. https://omniatlas.com/maps/east-asia/19491001/plain/ Historical borders and sovereign/independence status from CShapes. See Schvitz et al. Mapping The International System, 1886-2017: The CShapes 2.0 Dataset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 66(1): 144–61. https://icr.ethz.ch/data/cshapes/ — 2:55 Peaceful Co-existence "China and India, Have resolved to enter into the present Agreement based on the following principles : mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, (4) equality and mutual benefit, and (5) peaceful co-existence." https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7807/Agreement+on+Trade+and+Intercourse+with+Tibet+Region – – – 4:00 17 Point Agreement https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/seventeen-point-agreement-seventy-years-china-s-occupation-tibet – – – 4:30 US Quietly Supported Tibetan Freedom Fighters "Our support gave the Tibetan resistance a chance in 1958 and 1959 to challenge the Chinese Our assistance assured the Dalai Lama and his followers the capability to attract international attention to their plight and to their claim to represent an independent Tibet. Our supply undoubtedly stiffened the will of the Indian government to be hospitable to the Tibetans." https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/COVERT%20ACTION%20IN%20HIGH%20ALT%5B14688685%5D.pdf — 4:40 Dalai Llama Flees on Foot "On this day, March 17, in 1959, Tibet’s spiritual and political leader, then 23, disguised himself as a soldier and slipped through the crowds outside the palace he’d never see again. He embarked on a dangerous journey to asylum, crossing the Himalayas on foot with a retinue of soldiers and cabinet members. They traveled only at night, to avoid detection by Chinese sentries." https://time.com/3742242/dalai-lama-1959/ — 9:22 Hand to Hand Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India–China Border Areas” Signed: September 7, 1996, in New Delhi. Article VI: This is important for your point — it states that in order to prevent “dangerous military activities” along the LAC, the two sides agree that: Neither side shall open fire, cause blast operations or use hazardous chemicals or hold guns or explosives within 2 km of the LAC. If there is a need for developmental blasting within 2 km of the LAC, the other side shall be informed through diplomatic channels or border personnel meetings (preferably five days in advance). https://m.rediff.com/news/1996/3011chin.htm? – – – 10:40 5km per Day Infrastructure Development in Tibet and its Implications for India https://jamestown.org/program/infrastructure-development-in-tibet-and-its-implications-for-india/ The total road network in Tibet in 1959 was only 7,300 km (CGTN, March 25, 2019). in 2021, however, Tibet’s road system has increased to 118,800 km, which means it has expanded approximately 4.93 km per day since 1959 https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774d7a6b544e33457a6333566d54/index.html – – – Since 1951, Tibet has gradually built a comprehensive transport network composed of highways, railways, air routes, and pipelines. Highways with a total length of 118,800 km have been builthttps://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202105/21/content_WS60a724e7c6d0df57f98d9da2.html — 10:55 Tunnel Building "The project comprises of Tunnel 1, which is a 980 m long single tube tunnel and Tunnel 2, which is a 1555 m long twin tube tunnel." https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791764 — 11:22 Defenders https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/08/10/world/asia/china-border-villages.html – – – 11:43 Speed Building Villages 2023 Tibet Autonomous Region Government Work Report "We have established 624 moderately prosperous villages along the border, the registered population in border areas has increased by 10.5%, and the mileage of open border roads has increased 3.7 times.The economic output and resident incomes of 21 border counties have continued to grow rapidly." https://www.xizang.gov.cn/zwgk/xxfb/zfgzbg/202305/t20230529_357878.html — 15:25 India China Trade Agreements https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two — – — "In 1984, India and China concluded a Trade Agreement which accorded both countries Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status" https://www.ipcs.org/issue_select.php?recNo=436 – – – "Under the India-China bilateral WTO accession agreement of February 2000, both sides agreed to sign a Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) protocol to facilitate exports of Indian fresh fruits and vegetables to China." https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F7692%2FDocuments+signed+between+India+and+China+during+Prime+Minister+Vajpayees+visit+to+China – – – did sign a trade agreement granting each other most favored nation status in 1984-- aimed at boosting their economic ties, but the trade relations took time to develop. https://www.ipcs.org/issue_select.php?recNo=436 – – – 15:40 China To India Trade table 2, page 3 https://www.dgciskol.gov.in/writereaddata/Downloads/20220504100946Import_from_China_Apr_Feb_2021_22.pdf – – – 15:52 India to China Trade "In 2023, China exported $125bn worth of goods to India, mainly machinery and chemical products, while India exported $18.1bn worth of goods to China, with oil and fuel-related products comprising the largest share of its exports." https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/3/how-much-do-india-russia-china-trade-and-what-goods-do-they-buy "The top 5 destinations for Indian electronic goods exports are: USA, UAE, China, Netherlands and Germany." https://indiantradeportal.in/vs.jsp?lang=0&id=0,31,24100,24108 — 16:45 Trade Lines https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/india-trade-deficit-with-china-widens-record-992-bln-amid-dumping-concerns-2025-04-16/#:~:text=In%20March%20alone%2C%20goods%20imports,by%20commerce%20ministry%20on%20Wednesday – – – https://eoibeijing.gov.in/eoibejing_pages/MjQ, — 17:15 Commercial Peace Theory "The thesis asserts that economic links among states alter those states’ incentives and hence their actions and interactions" https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/international-relations-theory-and-regional-transformation/economic-interdependence-and-regional-peace/5F1C1C36D3BB779790E2E5ABBDEB457B https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-314 — 17:33 Weaponized Interdependance Henry Farrell, Abraham L. Newman; Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security 2019; 44 (1): 42–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00351 – – – 17:50 Tensions Flare India took the decision after several local industry groups flagged concerns around Chinese inflows during the spread of coronavirus that had made some Indian businesses more vulnerable to takeovers, a fourth person familiar with the thinking said. Several ministries, including India's foreign affairs department, then pitched for changes and studied similar restrictions that had been imposed by countries such as Germany and Australia, the source added. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/uk/exclusive-india-foreign-investment-rules-aimed-at-china-to-include-hong-kong--idUSKBN2221GG/#:~:text=Indian%20digital%20payments%20firm%20Paytm,uncertainty%2C%22%20said%20the%20lawyer. – – – 17:55 India Bans Tik Tok “The compilation of these data, its mining and profiling by elements hostile to national security and defense of India, which ultimately impinges upon the sovereignty and integrity of India, is a matter of very deep and immediate concern which requires emergency measures,” the statement added. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/world/asia/tik-tok-banned-india-china.html – – – 18:00 Effects on Trade https://eoibeijing.gov.in/eoibejing_pages/MjQ, – – – "The restrictions, implemented in April 2025, mandate export licenses and detailed end-use disclosures, creating a clearance process that takes at least 45 days and has resulted in no approved shipments to India by end-May 2025." https://www.autocarpro.in/news/chinas-rare-earth-export-restrictions-threaten-indias-automotive-production-crisil-126944 – – – 19:10 India Relies on the Ocean for Trade 95% of trade by volume, 68% by value. from 2024-2025 annual report from Indian Ministry of Ports, SHipping and Waterway (page 8): https://shipmin.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report%202024-25%20-%20English.pdf – – – 80% of Crude Oil "Additionally, 3.28 million barrels per day—or nearly 80 per cent of India’s crude oil requirement—is imported by sea via the Indian Ocean" https://www.brookings.edu/articles/indian-ocean-region-a-pivot-for-indias-growth/#_ftnref10 — 19:30 China Joins the Free Trade Community Hoover Institutuse Chairman Hu and the PLA’s "New Historic Missions" https://www.hoover.org/research/chairman-hu-and-plas-new-historic-missions – – – 19:55 China’s Naval History "About 600 years ago, Zheng He led a huge fleet overseas in an effort to materialize glory and dreams through the blue waves ... By conjuring up Zheng, moreover, Beijing can reach out to nations along the waterways of the Ming “treasure fleet”—so named for the valuables it carried to trade with foreign peoples—once plied. In so doing, it helps calm worries about China’s naval ambitions and remind Asian nations that China once exerted a benign, sea-based supremacy over the region." https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/zheng-he-goes-traveling-again/ – – – 20:40 China Builds Base in Djibouti China formally opens first overseas military base in Djibouti https://www.reuters.com/article/world/china-formally-opens-first-overseas-military-base-in-djibouti-idUSKBN1AH3E1/ – – – 20:50 More and More Military Exercises From This IISS piece: https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/charting-china/2025/05/china-in-the-indian-ocean-a-stronger-indo-pacific-presence/ Between 2020 and 2022, China carried out seven military exercises in the region, five of which were at sea. Most exercises were bilateral, 1 trilateral and 1 multilateral Mainly in northern and eastern part of IO In 2023, they picked up the pace. There were 14 exercises in total, including 9 maritime ones. 9 bilateral, 2 trilateral, and 3 multilateral By 2024 and early 2025, there were 12 exercises, half of them maritime 8 bilateral, two trilateral and 2 multilateral Since 2023, China began expanding its activity to new areas – northern, eastern, southwest and northwest Indina Ocean Its exercise partners include a wide range of Indian Ocean countries such as Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kuwait, Mozambique, Oman, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, and the UAE. — 21:10 China Port Strategy "The Changzheng 2, a type 091 Han-class nuclear-powered submarine, docked at the Colombo International Container Terminals Ltd (CICT) on September 15" https://www.sundaytimes.lk/141019/news/beijings-nuclear-subs-coming-again-india-concerned-123254.html "CICT is a joint venture between China merchants port and Sri Lanka port authority" https://www.cmport.com.hk/EnTouch/business/Infor.aspx?id=10005376 – – – "Sri Lanka has allowed a Chinese submarine and a warship to dock at its port in the capital Colombo, officials said on Sunday, despite concerns raised by India about China's warming relations with the Indian Ocean island nation." https://www.reuters.com/article/world/chinese-submarine-docks-in-sri-lanka-despite-indian-concerns-idUSKBN0IM0LT/#:~:text=By%20Shihar%20Aneez%20and%20Ranga,between%20the%20neighbours%20told%20Reuters. — 22:45 Alleged Debt Trap Diplomacy "Sri Lanka’s debt trap was thus primarily created as a result of domestic policy decisions and was facilitated by Western lending and monetary policy, and not by the policies of the Chinese government." https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy/4-sri-lanka-and-bri – – – https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy/4-sri-lanka-and-bri https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67097443 https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/debt-or-diplomacy-inside-chinas-controversial-loans-to-sri-lanka-laos-and-malaysia/ https://archive.ph/LuAFf – – – 24:05 India Upgrades Nicobar and Andaman Island Defenses "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are undergoing a significant upgrade in military infrastructure, including the modernisation of airfields and jetties, enhancement of logistics and storage capacities, improvement in troop accommodations, and establishment of a strong surveillance system." https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-upgrading-strategic-military-infra-in-andaman-nicobar-islands-124041000300_1.html – – – "One of New Delhi’s priorities is upgrading naval air stations, which fall under the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC), which was established in 2001 to integrate assets from the Indian Air Force, Army and Navy. The projects include modernized airfields, expanded jetties, enhanced logistics and storage facilities, upgraded troop accommodations, and advanced surveillance assets, The Indian Express newspaper reported." https://ipdefenseforum.com/2025/01/india-fortifying-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-amid-concerns-over-prcs-regional-push/ — 24:30 India Expands to Mauritius, Minicoy, Oman "India-built airstrip inaugurated in Agaléga, Mauritius: Its strategic significance vis-a-vis Maldives and China" https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/agalega-airstrip-inagurated-mauritius-maldives-and-india-9189103/ – – – "The establishment of Naval Base at Minicoy will augment connectivity with the main land focusing towards comprehensive development of the islands. INS Jatayu will be functioning under the operational control of Naval Officer in Charge (Lakshadweep), Southern Naval Command." https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2012143 – – – "India Gains Access to Oman’s Duqm Port, Putting the Indian Ocean Geopolitical Contest in the Spotlight" https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/india-gains-access-to-omans-duqm-port-putting-the-indian-ocean-geopolitical-contest-in-the-spotlight/ – – – https://cscr.pk/pdf/rb/RB%20_LEMOA.pdf – – – 24:50 Friendly with the Quad "Malabar exercise, originally U.S.-India, now regularly includes Japan and Australia, effectively forming the maritime muscle of the “Quad”. https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/indias-military-outreach-military-logistics-agreements/ — 24:50 La Perouse "A French-led multilateral training activity, La Perouse involved 13 ships and more than 30 aircraft practising maritime cooperation missions. Australia joined forces with France, Canada, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom and United States. La Perouse was conducted in the Malacca, Sunda and Lombok straits around Indonesia, and involved a range of missions, including boarding operations and air-based search-and-rescue procedures." https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2025-02-03/strengthening-indo-pacific-maritime-safety — 26:03 Condemned Western imperialism but also Rejected Communist Domination "at no point during the Cold War did the Soviet Union succeed in bringing India firmly into its camp. Indian foreign policy was never “completely subservient” to Moscow’s wishes even during the initial heights of the Khrushchev era when the Soviet Union was aggressively courting India with the use of aid" https://tnsr.org/2024/11/the-main-drivers-of-soviet-foreign-policy-towards-india-1955-1991 – – – "Under Nehru, India developed a global reputation for speaking out against Western colonialism and imperialism" https://tnsr.org/2024/11/the-main-drivers-of-soviet-foreign-policy-towards-india-1955-1991 — 26:20 Soviet Hardware American Support "India’s first purchase of Soviet weapons occurred in the late 1950s. The country procured Soviet An-12 transport aircraft, Mi-4 helicopters, and M-160 mm mortars" "After rival Pakistan began operating the supersonic F-104 Starfighter sent by the United States in 1961, India started desperately seeking a supersonic fighter jet, making inquiries about the Soviet second-generation supersonic MiG-21." https://www.csis.org/analysis/guns-and-oil-continuity-and-change-russia-india-relations – – – National Intelligence Analytical Memorandum, from 1973 "India looks to the major non-communist countries for economic aid, and especially to the US for food." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve08/d150 – – – "Remarkably, Kennedy's foreign aid request to Congress in the spring of 1961 earmarked $500 million in developmental support for India for fiscal year 1962 in comparison to only $400 million for the rest of the world" https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/book/mcmahon/McMahon08.html#:~:text=Nehru's%20warm%20words%20doubtless%20reflected,in%20America's%20South%20Asian%20priorities. — 26:50 Russia is Still India’s Biggest Arms Dealer table 2, page 6 https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/fs_2503_at_2024_0.pdf – – – And one of the biggest oil providers From Dec 2022 to June 2025, China has bought 47% of Russia’s crude exports, followed by India (38%), the EU (6%), and Turkiye (6%). https://energyandcleanair.org/june-2025-monthly-analysis-of-russian-fossil-fuel-exports-and-sanctions/ — 27:05 India Diversifying Defense Spending "UK signs $468 mln deal to supply India with missiles" https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/uk-signs-468-mln-deal-supply-india-with-missiles-2025-10-09/ – – – IN THIS ARTICLE THERE IS A PIE CHART WITH INDIA'S DEFENSE IMPORTS TOO "Germany has also been exporting arms in large volumes to India. In the first six months of 2024, India was the third-largest recipient of German arms, valued at around €153.75 million ($160 million)." https://www.dw.com/en/will-germany-india-submarine-deal-have-an-impact-on-russia-v2/a-71454656#:~:text=Speaking%20with%20DW%2C%20he%20pointed,longer%20to%20increase%20stealth%20capacity. – – – "A strategic partnership. After a diplomatic crisis over a dispute involving two Italian soldiers in the Indian Ocean, the two governments have rebuilt their relationship over the years. In March 2023, during the visit of Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni to India, the two countries elevated their ties to a strategic partnership." https://decode39.com/9103/intelligence-at-the-core-of-the-italy-india-defence-deal/#:~:text=A%20strategic%20partnership.,the%20Indian%20G20%20last%20year. – – – "South Korea’s Hanwha Aerospace announced today a $253 million contract with India for a second round of 100 K9 Vajra-T self-propelled howitzers." https://breakingdefense.com/2025/04/india-to-double-hanwha-self-propelled-howitzer-buy-will-manufacture-locally/ — Modi Addresses Congress some highlights 4:10: “there have been many advances in AI, artificial intelligence. At the same time, there have been even more momentous development in another AI, America and India.” "I agree with President Biden that this is a defining partnership of this century," he said. "Because it serves a larger purpose. Democracy, demography and destiny give us that purpose." "The dark clouds of coercion and confrontation are casting their shadow in the Indo-Pacific," he told Congress. "The stability of the region has become one of the central concerns of our partnership. We share a vision of a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific. "Now, the United States has become one of our most important defense partners” – – – 28:50 Punitive Tariffs "A punitive 25% tariff, imposed due to India's purchases of Russian oil, was added to Trump's prior 25% tariff on many imports from the South Asian nation. It takes total duties as high as 50% for goods as varied as garments, gems and jewellery, footwear, sporting goods, furniture and chemicals - among the highest imposed by the U.S. and roughly on par with Brazil and China." https://www.reuters.com/world/india/trumps-doubling-tariffs-hits-india-damaging-ties-2025-08-27/ – – – 11:10 Raised Work Visa Fee https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3yy58lj79o – – – 29:00 Indian Skilled Labor in the US And for the US it meant an influx of talent. Indian doctors, for example, make up almost 6% of the US physician workforce. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3yy58lj79o — 30:30 Workarounds "The U.S. could substantially slash tariffs on Indian exports as the two countries near a trade deal that could see New Delhi cutting oil purchases from Russia[...]As part of the trade deal, Washington could slash tariffs on Indian exports to 15%-16% from the current 50%" https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/22/india-us-trade-tariff-cuts-reduced-russian-oil-purchases.html – – – "Many Indian refiners pause new Russian oil orders, await clarity" https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-refiners-await-clarity-new-russian-oil-orders-2025-10-28/ – – – "Indian Oil buys Russian crude from non-sanctioned entities, sources say" https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-oil-buys-russian-crude-non-sanctioned-entities-sources-say-2025-10-31/ – – – "India and Russia have signed a pact to jointly produce passenger aircraft, just weeks ahead of President Vladimir Putin’s visit, signaling that ties between Moscow and New Delhi remain resilient despite mounting pressure from the White House." https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-28/india-russia-sign-jet-manufacturing-pact-before-putin-s-visit —